1. 什么是 UN38.3？为什么它强制1. What Is UN38.3 and Why It Is Mandatory
UN38.3 是联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书·试验和标准手册》（UN Manual of Tests and Criteria）第 38.3 节。它规定：所有锂金属电池、锂离子电池以及含锂电池的设备，在运输前必须通过一组模拟极端环境的安全测试，确认不会发生泄漏、起火或爆炸。这不是某个国家的自选标准，而是被 IATA（空运）、ICAO（国际民航）、IMO（海运 IMDG）共同采纳的全球运输前提。UN38.3 is Section 38.3 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. It requires every lithium-metal cell, lithium-ion cell and lithium-powered device to pass a set of safety tests simulating extreme transport conditions — confirming the battery will not leak, ignite or explode in transit. It is not a country-specific option; it is the global transport precondition adopted by IATA (air), ICAO (civil aviation) and IMO (the IMDG maritime code).
最常见的误区是把 UN38.3 当成"出厂合格证"。它只证明电池运输安全，不等于 IEC 62619（工业储能电芯）、UL 1973（储能系统）这类市场准入认证，也不能替代目的国的强制准入。一句话：UN38.3 是"上得了飞机轮船"的门票，不是"卖得进市场"的护照。我们作为自有品牌方，出货前每份型号都备齐 UN38.3 报告与配套运输文件，见资质认证页。The most common mistake is treating UN38.3 as a factory acceptance certificate. It only proves transport safety — it is not a market-access standard such as IEC 62619 (industrial cells) or UL 1973 (stationary battery systems), and it does not replace destination-country type approval. In short: UN38.3 is the ticket to get on the plane or ship, not the passport to sell in a market. As a brand owner, we keep a UN38.3 report and the full set of shipping documents on file for every model we ship — see our certifications page.
2. UN38.3 八大测试详解（T1–T8）2. The 8 UN38.3 Tests Explained (T1–T8)
同一型号必须一次性通过全部八项测试，任何一项失效即整批不达标。下方为各测试的条件与合格判定（行业判定准则统一为：无漏液、无破裂、无起火，且开路电压不低于初始值的 90%）：A given model must pass all eight tests in one certification; failure of any single test fails the whole batch. The acceptance criteria are uniform across the suite: no leakage, no rupture, no fire, and open-circuit voltage not below 90% of the initial value. The tests are:
| 测试Test | 模拟场景Simulates | 条件要点Key condition | 合格判定Pass criterion |
|---|---|---|---|
| T.1 高度模拟T.1 Altitude | 高空低气压High-altitude low pressure | ≤11.6 kPa（约 15,000 米），6 小时≤11.6 kPa (~15,000 m), 6 h | 无漏液/起火/解体No leak/fire/disassembly |
| T.2 热循环T.2 Thermal | 极端温变Temperature swing | 75℃↔−40℃，10 次循环75℃↔−40℃, 10 cycles | 外壳无破裂，电压≥90%No rupture, V≥90% |
| T.3 振动T.3 Vibration | 运输颠簸Transit vibration | 7–200 Hz 正弦扫频，三轴向7–200 Hz sweep, 3 axes | 结构完整，无短路Structurally intact |
| T.4 冲击T.4 Shock | 搬运撞击Handling impact | 150g / 6ms 半正弦，6 方向150g / 6ms, 6 directions | 无电解液泄漏No electrolyte leak |
| T.5 外短路T.5 External short | 端子意外短路Accidental short | 55℃、<0.1Ω 短接至回温55℃, <0.1Ω until cool | 表面≤170℃，1h 内不燃≤170℃, no fire in 1h |
| T.6 撞击/挤压T.6 Impact/Crush | 挤压碰撞（电芯）Crush (cells) | 13kN 或 9.1kg 落球13kN or 9.1kg drop | 不起火、不爆炸No fire/explosion |
| T.7 过充电T.7 Overcharge | 充电器故障（电芯/组）Charger fault | 2× 额定电流/电压，24 小时2× rated, 24 h | 不起火、不爆炸No fire/explosion |
| T.8 强制放电T.8 Forced discharge | 反向放电至 0VReverse to 0V | 反向电流放电Reverse current | 不起火、不爆炸No fire/explosion |
注意适用性：T.6 撞击/挤压与 T.7 过充电仅对特定形态（电芯 cell 或特定电池组）适用，具体要看产品结构与测试实验室的判定。行业数据表明，外短路（T.5）与过充电（T.7）是失败率最高的两项，而它们的本质都指向同一件事——BMS 保护逻辑是否够快、够稳。这正是我们在 BMS 设计与选型上重点投入的原因。Watch applicability: T.6 (impact/crush) and T.7 (overcharge) apply only to certain forms (cells, or specific pack types), decided by product structure and the testing lab. Industry data shows external short-circuit (T.5) and overcharge (T.7) are the two highest-failure tests — and both ultimately come down to one thing: whether the BMS protection logic is fast and stable enough. That is exactly why we invest heavily in BMS design and selection.
3. UN 编号分类：UN3480 还是 UN34813. UN Number Classification: UN3480 vs UN3481
所有锂电池都归入第 9 类危险品（杂项危险物质）。选错 UN 编号是 2026 年最常见的退单原因。对照如下：All lithium batteries are Class 9 dangerous goods (miscellaneous). Misclassification is the single most common cause of shipment rejection in 2026. The mapping is:
| UN 编号UN number | 适用对象Applies to | 化学体系Chemistry | 运输状态State |
|---|---|---|---|
| UN 3480UN 3480 | 锂离子电池Lithium-ion | 可充电Rechargeable | 单独运输Standalone |
| UN 3481UN 3481 | 锂离子电池Lithium-ion | 可充电Rechargeable | 装在/随附设备In/packed with equipment |
| UN 3090UN 3090 | 锂金属电池Lithium-metal | 不可充电Non-rechargeable | 单独运输Standalone |
| UN 3091UN 3091 | 锂金属电池Lithium-metal | 不可充电Non-rechargeable | 装在/随附设备In/packed with equipment |
对储能行业特别重要：大容量储能柜、工商业电池簇若已安装在货物运输单元内，可能按 UN 3536（安装在货运单元内的锂电池）处理；而新兴的钠离子电池则归入新增代码 UN 3551 / UN 3552。磷酸铁锂（LiFePO4）储能产品绝大多数走 UN 3480 或 UN 3481。订舱前务必和货代确认你的具体产品落在哪个编号，避免单证不一致直接退单。For energy storage specifically: large stationary cabinets and C&I battery clusters already installed inside a cargo transport unit may be classified under UN 3536 (lithium batteries installed in a cargo transport unit); emerging sodium-ion cells fall under new codes UN 3551 / UN 3552. Most LiFePO4 storage products ship as UN 3480 or UN 3481. Always confirm the exact number with your freight forwarder before booking to avoid a mismatch that triggers an outright rejection.
4. 空运：IATA DGR 第 67 版（2026）4. Air Freight: IATA DGR 67th Edition (2026)
空运是全球最严的运输方式。IATA《危险品规则》第 67 版于 2026 年 1 月 1 日强制生效，核心变化与要点：Air is the most restrictive mode worldwide. The IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations 67th edition became mandatory on 1 January 2026. Key points and changes:
- 包装指令（PI）：UN3480 走 PI 965，UN3481 随设备包装走 PI 966、设备内置走 PI 967。Section I 为全管制危险品，通常仅限货机；Section II 小电池在限量内允许客机。Packing Instructions (PI): UN3480 uses PI 965, UN3481 packed-with-equipment uses PI 966, and contained-in-equipment uses PI 967. Section I is fully regulated dangerous goods (cargo aircraft only in most cases); Section II small batteries may ride passenger aircraft within strict limits.
- 荷电状态（SoC）：单独运输的锂离子电芯/电池组（UN3480）空运通常要求 SoC ≤ 30%；部分情形进一步收紧至 ≤ 25%。海运无统一上限，但主流港口要求申报 SoC，建议同样控制在 30% 以内。务必向承运商确认精确值。State of Charge (SoC): standalone lithium-ion (UN3480) by air normally requires SoC ≤ 30%, with some interpretations tightening certain categories toward ≤ 25%. Sea freight has no universal ceiling, but major ports request SoC declaration and keeping it ≤ 30% is the safe practice. Always confirm the exact figure with your carrier.
- 仅限货机：UN3480 纯锂电大容量基本只允许全货机承运，客机不予接收。Cargo aircraft only: large standalone UN3480 lithium batteries are essentially restricted to all-cargo aircraft; passenger flights will not accept them.
- 测试摘要强制随附：自 2020 年起，每一票锂电池运输都必须随附 UN38.3 测试摘要（Test Summary），缺失即被拒收。Test Summary mandatory: since 2020, every lithium-battery consignment must travel with a UN38.3 battery test summary; missing it means rejection at acceptance.
5. 海运：IMDG Code 实务5. Sea Freight: IMDG Code in Practice
海运是储能大批量出货最现实的方式。依据 IMDG Code 42-24 版，锂电池仍属第 9 类危险品，但整体比空运宽松：Ocean freight is the most practical mode for bulk energy-storage shipments. Under the IMDG Code (Amendment 42-24), lithium batteries remain Class 9 dangerous goods, but the regime is generally more lenient than air:
- 储能柜/大容量：UN3480，II 类包装，集装箱须甲板积载或舱面封闭运输单元，禁止存放舱底；箱体用 UN 认证危包，内部阻燃缓冲，端子全覆盖绝缘。Cabinets / large capacity: UN3480, Packing Group II, stowed on deck or in a closed cargo transport unit on deck; never in the ship's hold bottom. Use UN-certified dangerous-goods packaging with fire-retardant cushioning and fully insulated terminals.
- 提前申报：至少提前 72 小时提交危险品申报单（DGD），注明总 Wh 数或锂含量，附 UN38.3 报告与 MSDS。部分船公司（MSC、CMA CGM 等）对大批量锂电池有额外限制或需特批。Advance declaration: submit the Dangerous Goods Declaration at least 72 hours ahead, stating total Wh or lithium content, with the UN38.3 report and MSDS attached. Some carriers (MSC, CMA CGM and others) impose extra limits or require special approval for large lithium volumes.
- 积载与温控：避免集装箱长时间暴晒高温；虽非全部强制，但最佳实践是远离热源、保持通风，降低热失控风险。Stowage & temperature: avoid containers baking in extreme heat; while not always mandatory, best practice is to keep units away from heat sources and well ventilated to lower thermal-runaway risk.
6. 必备文件清单（2026）6. Required Shipping Documents (2026)
一票合规的锂电池运输，通常缺一不可以下文件。单证一致性是红线：报关单、发票、箱单必须详细注明电池类型、UN 编号、Wh 与 SoC，禁止笼统写成"电子产品"。A compliant lithium-battery shipment normally requires every item below. Document consistency is the red line: the customs declaration, invoice and packing list must state battery type, UN number, Wh rating and SoC in detail — never loosely label the goods "electronics".
- UN38.3 测试报告 + 随附的电池测试摘要（2020 起每票强制）UN38.3 test report + the accompanying battery test summary (mandatory per consignment since 2020)
- MSDS / SDS（符合最新 GHS 修订版）MSDS / SDS built to the current GHS revision
- 危险品申报单（DGD）Dangerous Goods Declaration (DGD)
- 危险品包装性能检验结果单（中国出口俗称"危包证"）Dangerous-goods packaging certificate (the '危包证' for China exports)
- 1.2 米跌落测试报告（空运强制）1.2 m drop-test report (mandatory for air)
- 荷电状态证明（SoC proof）State-of-charge proof (SoC)
- 商业发票、装箱单、空运提单（AWB）或海运提单（B/L）Commercial invoice, packing list, airway bill (AWB) or bill of lading (B/L)
- 托运人合规清单（2026 新增）Shipper compliance checklist (new in 2026)
7. 包装与标签规则7. Packaging & Labeling Rules
包装不合格是现场整改和拒装的高发区。要点：Poor packaging is where on-site rework and load rejection cluster. The essentials:
- UN 认证危包：用带 UN 标记的危包纸箱（如 UN 4G/X），普通纸箱通不过堆码测试。UN-certified packaging: use UN-marked dangerous-goods boxes (e.g. UN 4G/X); ordinary cartons fail the stacking test.
- 防短路：端子绝缘（绝缘胶带/防静电袋）、电芯间阻燃缓冲，防止运输震动导致意外导通。Short-circuit prevention: insulate terminals (tape / anti-static bags) and cushion cells with fire-retardant material to stop accidental conduction from transit vibration.
- 第 9 类危险品菱形标签：尺寸 ≥ 12 cm × 12 cm；容量 > 100 Wh 的电池还需加贴"仅限货机"+"危险品"双标签。Class 9 diamond label: ≥ 12 cm × 12 cm; batteries above 100 Wh also need the "Cargo Aircraft Only" + "Dangerous Goods" dual label.
- 锂电池操作标记：按规格张贴锂电池 Handling Mark，尺寸与内容须精确，不合规即拒收。Lithium battery handling mark: affix per spec; dimensions and content must be exact, or the shipment is rejected.
- 堆码测试：PI 966/967/969/970 新增 3 米堆码要求，普通纸箱不行。Stacking test: PI 966/967/969/970 now require a 3 m stacking test that ordinary cartons cannot pass.
8. 为什么 BMS 设计决定 UN38.3 通过率8. Why BMS Design Decides the UN38.3 Pass Rate
回到八大测试：T.5 外短路和T.7 过充电直接考核电池在故障下的安全边界，而这正是 BMS（电池管理系统）的核心职责。检测数据显示，BMS 保护板响应延迟、电芯热稳定性差、散热设计不足，是 UN38.3 失败案例的 top 原因。我们在电池包设计阶段就把 UN38.3 的安全边界作为 BMS 选型与保护阈值设定的硬指标——过充保护电压、短路切断时间、温度采样精度都按"必须一次通过"来定，而不是事后补救。看懂 BMS 怎么管过充、过放、均衡与通信，见我们的 BMS 电池管理系统指南；了解我们的产品认证体系，见 UL 与 IEC 62619 认证对比页。Back to the eight tests: T.5 external short-circuit and T.7 overcharge directly probe a battery's safety boundary under fault — and that is precisely the core job of the BMS (battery management system). Test data shows that slow BMS response, weak cell thermal stability and poor thermal design are the top causes of UN38.3 failures. We treat the UN38.3 safety envelope as a hard requirement in BMS selection and protection-threshold setting from the design stage — overcharge protection voltage, short-circuit cut-off time and temperature-sensing accuracy are specified to pass on the first try, not patched afterward. To understand how a BMS governs overcharge, over-discharge, balancing and communication, see our BMS battery management system guide; for our product certification framework, see the UL vs IEC 62619 comparison.
对首次进口商，实操顺序是：先和货代确认 UN 编号，向制造方取得 UN38.3 报告与测试摘要，备齐 MSDS 与 DGD，再向接受该航线锂电的承运商订舱。尽早启动这份清单——最好在签采购合同前——可避免最常见的“到港文件不齐”延误。For first-time importers, the practical sequence is: confirm the UN number with your forwarder, obtain the UN38.3 report and test summary from the manufacturer, prepare the MSDS and DGD, then book with a carrier that accepts lithium cargo on your route. Starting this checklist early — ideally before you sign the purchase order — prevents the all-too-common "documents not ready at the dock" delay.
常见问题Frequently Asked Questions
什么是 UN38.3？它强制吗？What is UN38.3 and is it mandatory?
UN38.3 是联合国《试验和标准手册》第 38.3 节，是所有锂电池在运输前必须通过的安全测试。航空公司、船公司和海关都把它作为收货前提——没有它，锂电池可能在边境被拒收、扣留甚至销毁。它是运输安全测试，不是 IEC 62619 或 UL 1973 这类市场准入认证。UN38.3 is Section 38.3 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria. It is the mandatory safety test that every lithium cell and battery must pass before it can be transported by air, sea, rail or road. Airlines, shipping lines and customs authorities treat a valid UN38.3 test report as a precondition for acceptance — without it, lithium batteries can be rejected, detained or destroyed at the border. It is a transport-safety test, not a market-access certificate such as IEC 62619 or UL 1973.
锂电池适用哪个 UN 编号？Which UN number applies to lithium batteries?
锂离子电池属第 9 类危险品：单独运输的电池组走 UN3480，随设备包装或内置设备的走 UN3481；锂金属对应 UN3090（单独）与 UN3091（随/内置设备）。已安装在货运单元内的大型储能设备可能归 UN3536；新兴钠离子电池归 UN3551/UN3552。Lithium-ion cells and batteries are Class 9 dangerous goods. Standalone lithium-ion packs ship as UN3480; cells or packs packed with or contained in equipment ship as UN3481. The lithium-metal equivalents are UN3090 (standalone) and UN3091 (with/in equipment). Large stationary energy-storage units installed in a cargo transport unit may be classified under UN3536. Sodium-ion batteries, an emerging chemistry, fall under new codes UN3551 and UN3552.
2026 年空运对荷电状态有什么要求？What state of charge is required for air shipping in 2026?
按 IATA 危险品规则第 67 版（2026 年 1 月 1 日生效），单独运输的锂离子动力电池（UN3480）空运通常要求荷电状态 ≤ 30%，部分解读把某些品类进一步收紧至 ≤ 25%。海运 IMDG 无统一上限，但主流港口要求申报 SoC，建议同样控制在 30% 以内。订舱前务必向承运商确认精确值。Under the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (67th edition, effective 1 January 2026), standalone lithium-ion batteries shipped by air (UN3480) must normally be at or below 30% state of charge, with some interpretations tightening certain categories toward 25%. Sea freight under the IMDG Code has no universal SoC ceiling, but major ports request SoC declaration and keeping it at or below 30% is the safe practice. Always confirm the exact limit with your carrier before booking.
运输锂电池需要哪些文件？What documents are required to ship lithium batteries?
一票合规运输通常需：UN38.3 测试报告（及 2020 起每票强制随附的电池测试摘要）、符合最新 GHS 的 MSDS/SDS、危险品申报单（DGD）、危包证、空运所需的 1.2 米跌落测试报告、荷电状态证明，以及商业发票/装箱单/提单。2026 还新增托运人合规清单。所有单证须一致注明电池类型、UN 编号、Wh 与 SoC。A compliant lithium-battery shipment typically requires: a UN38.3 test report (and the battery test summary that must accompany every consignment since 2020), an MSDS/SDS built to the current GHS revision, a Dangerous Goods Declaration (DGD), a dangerous-goods packaging certificate (the '危包证' for China exports), a 1.2 m drop-test report for air freight, a state-of-charge proof, and commercial documents (invoice, packing list, airway bill or bill of lading). 2026 also adds a shipper compliance checklist. All documents must state the same battery type, UN number, Wh rating and SoC.
UN38.3 报告会过期吗？Does a UN38.3 report expire?
UN38.3 报告绑定具体型号、电芯化学体系、容量与结构，没有固定有效期，但一旦电池设计、材料、BMS 逻辑或制程变更即失效。当联合国《试验和标准手册》更新时，已有报告可能需附加差异声明（SDD）证明仍合规。 recurring 出货建议在产品修订时重新验证。A UN38.3 report is tied to a specific model, cell chemistry, capacity and construction. It does not have a fixed expiry, but it becomes invalid the moment the battery design, materials, BMS logic or manufacturing process change. When the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria is updated, an existing report may need a Statement of Differences (SDD) to confirm continued compliance. For recurring shipments, plan to re-validate whenever you revise the product.
如果你要用自有品牌把储能产品出海，运输合规只是其中一环——制造、认证、BMS 集成同样关键。我们作为清洁能源出海供应链整合方，与通过国际认证的制造体系深度合作，提供 OEM/ODM 私标方案，并为每票出货备齐 UN38.3 与全套运输文件。想了解电池管理系统如何决定运输安全，看 BMS 指南；看电压架构选型，看 48V 与高压对比；直接要报价，联系我们。If you want to take storage products overseas under your own brand, shipping compliance is only one link — manufacturing, certification and BMS integration matter just as much. As a clean-energy export supply-chain partner working with internationally certified manufacturing systems, we offer OEM/ODM private-label programs and prepare the full UN38.3 and shipping document set for every shipment. For how the BMS decides transport safety, see the BMS guide; for voltage-class sizing, see the 48V vs high-voltage guide; for our certification framework see the UL vs IEC 62619 page; and for a quote, contact us. Our full resource library is on the resources page.